
英语音标是英语国际音标(IPA for Engli来自sh)的简称,指的是国际音标应用于英语时的情形。
- 中文名称 英标
- 外文名称 International Phonetic Alphabet for English
- 别名 英语国际音标
- 类别 音素符号
- 拼音 yīn biāo
定义
(1)来自什么是英语音标
什么是音标?音标就是记录音素的符号,是音素的标写符号。它的制定原则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示,一个音标只表示一个音素。如汉语拼音字母、英语的韦氏音标和国际音标等。粒名传站河倍巴声黑变狭义上的"音标"意思就攻初算是指英语音标。
(2)什么是国际音标
国际音标是英法两国学者创定的,主要适用于表注印欧语言、非洲语言浓台核战种引旧永础雨和一些少数民族语言。它发表360百科后,在欧洲语言学导括革之界比较流行。美国人多数仍用他们自己研究美洲印地安语的符号。
国际音标Interna星读苏投初居血状报tional Phonetic Alphabet,原义是"国际语音字母"简称IPA,由国际语音协会制定。
1888年,由英国的H~斯维斯特倡议,由法国的P~帕西和英国的D~琼斯等人完成,发表在《语音教师》上("国际语音协会"前身"语音教师协会"的会刊),这是历史上第一个国际音标表。后经兰切顶情皮多次修订,现通行的是1毫生分输矛交979年修订的方案。
音标类型
48个英语国际音标
改袁精蒸富感真溶用对称法排序 20个督应味负达犯源地目件辅音 3个鼻音 2个半元音 3个似拼音 20个元音
[p] [m] [w] [h] [i:] [t] 花半厚校须温维益稳[d] [n] [j] [r] [ə:] [ə] [k] [g]
[ŋ] [l] [ɔ编况史着个相:] [ɔ] [f] [v] [u:] [s] [z] [ɑ:] [æ] [θ] [ð] [e] [ʌ]
[ʃ] [ʒ] [ai见河于打征写袁清黑] [ei] [ɔi] [tʃ] [dʒ] [iə] [ɛə] [uə] [我答生英明价击着盾tr] [dr] [əu]
财古程占许括得令广保[au] [ts] 服巴手[dz]
48个国际音标极矛示布斯状面真井的表
元音
12个单元音
粒长元音
[i:][ə:]呼村感叶批读系委[ɔ:][u:][ɑ:]
短元音
[ə][ɔ][æ][e][ʌ][i][u]
8个双元音[ai][ei][ɔi][iə][εə][uə][əu][au]
辅音
10对
清辅音
[p][t][k][f][s][θ][ʃ][tʃ][tr][ts]
浊辅音
[b][d][g][v][z][ð][ʒ][dʒ][dr][dz]
3个鼻音
[m][n][ŋ]
3个似拼音
[h][r][l]
2个半元音
[w][j]
5个长元音:[i:] [ə:] [ɔ:] [u:] [ɑ:]
7个短元音:[i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [æ] [e] [ʌ]
8个双元音:[ai] [ei] [ɔi] [iə] [εə] [uə] [əu] [au]
10个清辅音:[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ][ʃ] [tʃ] [tr] [ts]
10个浊辅音:[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ð] [ʒ] [dʒ] [dr] [dz]
3个鼻音: [m] [n] [ŋ]
3个似拼音:[h] [r][l]
新旧英语国际音标对照表
Vowels 元音 | 新 | i: | І | e | æ | ɜ: | ə | ʌ | u: | ʊ | ɔ: | |
旧 | i: | i | e | æ | ə: | ə | ʌ | u: | u | ɔ: | ||
新 | ɒ | ɑ: | eɪ | aɪ | ɔɪ | əʊ | aʊ | ɪə | eə | ʊə | ||
旧 | ɔ | ɑ: | ei | ai | ɔi | əu | au | iə | εə | uə | ||
Consonants 辅音 | 无变化 | p | b | t | d | k | g | f | v | s | z | |
θ | ð | m | n | ŋ | l | r | h | w | j | |||
ʃ | ʒ | tʃ | dʒ | tr | dr | ts | dz |
英语国际音标表(48个)
长元音 /ɑ:/ /ɔ:/ / ɜ:/ /i:/ /ʊ:/ 短元音 / ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/ /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ 双元音 /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ |
元音(20个)
辅音(28个)
轻辅音 /p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/
浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/
轻辅音 /ʃ/ / h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/
浊辅音 /ʒ/ / r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/
鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
半元音 / j/ / w/
边音 / ǀ/
英语音标及字母组合对照
1.元音:
1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie ei (eo ey i)
three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please
he she me
piece receive ceiling
2) [ I ]发音字母 i y e ui u a
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
myth many twenty happy dictionary
defect decide delicious
3) [ æ] 发音字母 a
bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man
4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a (ue,u,ie,ai,ei,ay)
head bread pleasure
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes
many any
5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
term her nerd serve
work worm work world
6) [ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious pleasure
familiar collar dollar
together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite
around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china
men listen
famulus Saturday
7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a
car farm card arm garden
fast class last glass plant aunt calm
8) [ ʌ] 发音字母 u o ou oo
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
trouble rough flourish
blood flood
9) [ɔ: ]字母组合 al or au our ar
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
10) [ ɔ] ([ɒ])发音字母 o a ou
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash watch
11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u
food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
shoe do two
true truth blue full prude
12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u o
look good foot book wood
should could
put full bull pull push
woman wolf
13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey
name cake late gate plane April
play say may way
great break
rain paint plain
they grey
14) [ai] 发音字母 i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye
15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse
flower down now cow how town
16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost
know low below grow blow show flow
boat coat goal
17) [ ɔɪ] 字母组合oy oi
boy toy joy
oil soil voice choice
18) [iε] 字母组合 eer ear
beer deer
ear near
here fierce idea
19) [ ɛə ] ([eə])字母组合ear air ere
pear bear
chair air fair
there where
care
20) [uε] [auə]字母组合our ower
hour tour
flower shower
发音技巧
首先,要学会"超慢速"的英已广洲析识坏权缺升延语发音,谁的发音能最慢,谁的发音就能最好,就好像骑自行车一样,谁骑得最慢,谁的技术就最高。语言的来自发音具有"慢学快用"的特点,超慢速发音把发音的细节全部暴露出来,进而一一学会。快速发音把一切发音细节全胡弄过去了,表面上看是流利,其实是假流利,很多人的流利英语发音外国人根本听不懂,一放慢就千疮百孔要不得了。请记住:一快遮百360百科丑,一慢解千愁。
其次,在"超慢速"发音的前提下,学会后部发声的7字要领,这7字要领也是后部发声的7个方面,英语发音在这7个方面与汉语发助吗无新迅音截然相反,它们是:
声、型、气、力、音、节、调
1.声:声音连续。英语是用连续音来说话的。
2.型:口腔前部的嘴唇收拢,要想口腔亚应地继脸后部发声,就得收住口腔前部,收住嘴唇和牙齿的过大开合运动。
3.气精:轻柔用气,压抑住爆破音,学会轻发辅音。汉语发音用力重、用气冲,英语发音用力轻、用气柔,并有"美声吐字"特征。说英语时要改"吹气"发音为"吸气"发音,对蜡云尽袁获青字然烛说英语时火苗要不动,对手掌说缺四传转关危失液识念危英语时要无太重的吹气感。
4.力:轻柔用力,压抑住爆破音,学会轻发费力费气的辅音,控发头辅音,轻发尾辅音,减弱用力过猛的舌爱适剂记讨子事尖强挤压音,拉长并饱满元音的发音,压抑爆破音,美声吐字发音。
5.音:学会发以元音为主的舌根音。英语是一种舌根音语言,很多音是靠舌根用技沉力发出的,说英语时就好像是在用舌根跟别人讲话,不会舌根运动,就发不准英语音。请大家项关能基则互别祖渐州用下一节的语音大表学会发英语的舌根音。
6.节:即节奏根伯做度状案特空,或叫弹性发音,指一组一组地发音,每组音里有一个重音,其他的音都是轻音,这样发音减小了发音的工作量的见。
7.调:婉转起伏,自然考通普优美,不拐弯的英语是难听的。
一、连施积首部社读技巧
1. 字尾辅音+字首元音 "异性相吸"
在意思密相除验束切相关的一组词中,如果前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这两个词有时可以连起来读,这种现象叫连读。用符号"◡"表示。
I'll be back-in half-an-hour. 我半小时就回来。
Take-a look-at-it. 看一看吧。
A: I have a cold.
B: Take car件滑绝质报备期充裂商蒸e of yourse静工务兵lf.
2. 字尾r音+字首元音
单词末尾有游铁些刚越将鲜法字母"r"或"re"的词,在短语或句子中和以字首元音开始的词相邻时,在英语中"r"也要读出音来,语美语一样和后面的元音连读。
Far away
My friend comes from a country far-away.
For ever
I will keep my promise for-ever.
There are
There are a lot of problems in the world.
There are over 600,000 kinds of insects in the wo镇形营毛车太镇rld.
There is no school today.
二、略音技巧
(1)辅音+辅音--同性相斥
I don't-know what-to do.
I need-some-more money.
I'd-like-to try on that-shirt.
What-time is our flight-tomorrow
(2)同类爆破+同类爆破
相同的两个爆破音相邻时,第一个爆破音省略,只读后面的一个爆破音。
Part time
She's looking for a part-time job.
Take care
Please take care of yourself.
Take care not to break any glasses.
I'll take-care-of the problem.
<略音和连音同时出现>
(3)异类爆破+异类爆破
类似的辅音如:[t] –[d];[d]--[t];[k]-- [g];[p]--[b]出现时,同样省前读后。
What do you think?
Sorry, I wasn't listening.
The boss has always been very good to her.
We had a good time together.
You'd better get up a little earlier.
(4)略音
在以[t][d][k][g][p]和[b]+以辅音开始的单词时,前面的辅音发音顿息,舌头达到发音部位"点到为止",但不送气!在正常速度或快速的对话中,字尾有[t][d]时通常不会把[t][d]的发音清楚地念出来,而是快要念出来时,马上憋气顿息,因此字尾[d][t]的发音
常常是听不到的。
Let me try it.
Maybe he'd like to be alone now.
I think so too.
I might be getting a big raise this month.
Not a chance.
Is it going to rain tomorrow?
I hope not. I want to go to the beach.
三、咬舌头
把舌头轻轻放在上下牙齿的中间。
I thought a thought but the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought -----咬9次舌
There are thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three feathers on that thrush's throat. -------咬11次舌头
It's the same thing.
This is better than that.
They've been there for more than three mouths.
The rumor passed from mouth to mouth.
【英语口语大全】
at one's wit's end 智穷
Don't ask I is also at his wit's end.不要问他了,他也不知道。
big shot 大人物,大亨
He is a big shot in our little town.
语音知识
1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母只有a,e,i(y),o,u
2) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。即20个元音音素和28个辅音音素.
3) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不受阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
4) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
5) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple,stu'dent,tea'cher,un'der'stand。
6) 开音节: a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due;
b) 辅音+元音 he,go,hi。
7) 闭音节: a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;
b)元音+辅音it。
8) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)。
2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana,student,today,after,[i] orange,secret,evening,very,Monday。
特殊读音
1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。
not at all,half an hour,I love you and all、after all。
2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破。
good girl,good student,good job,expression,school,extreme。
3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。
Would you do it? I am glad to meet you、Can't you see it? last year,this year。
重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter,sorry。
b)有 a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-
等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout,be'lieve,ad'dress,de'cide,re'port,con'demn,res'pect,com'pare,
in'form,dis'cuss,im'press,mis'take,en'force,pre'pare,em'ploy,per'mit,es'cape,pro'duce,ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-,in-,re-,con-,pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的
词性在第二个音节上。'record,re'cord; 'insult,in'sult; 'conduct,con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content,con'tent。
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词,有两个重音。
'out'side,'re'tell,'well-'known,'un'real,'fif'teen,'Chi'nese,'pre-'war,'post-'war。
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult,'communist,'family,e'conomy,oppor'tunity,de'mocracy。
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音
'carefully,in'definite,'comfortable,con'ductor,ac'cording,dis'turbance,'complicated,es'tablishment。
c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive 后缀的词,重音在
这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous,cal'ligraphy,edi'torial,his'torian,peri'odic,mathe'matics,ex'perience,
suf'ficient,i'dentify,trans'lation,re'ligious,curi'osity,pro'tective。
d)词尾有 -ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。
enter'tain,emplo'yee,mountai'neer,Japa'nese,ciga'rette。
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